مثقفين حارتنا
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Unit 1 Oil Black Gold
موضوع عن البترول اهميته و موارد الطاقة الجديدة
Oil has become much more expensive because the global supply of oil can hardly keep up with demand.
Americans are the world’s biggest oil users, but demand is rising rapidly everywhere else, especially in the industrialising economies. When American oil production started falling in 1970, the country began importing much more. However, when global oil production starts falling in the future, the world will not be able to turn to other new oil sources.
Although experts disagree on when exactly worldwide production will start declining, this and an explosion in the price of oil will probably come soon. Many scientists are working on new energy technologies in order to provide energy sources that are clean and can also fill the energy gap.
These new sources of energy are not yet ready though, so it is very important for us to stop wasting oil unnecessarily. This will require difficult changes, but without them, the world might face an economic and social disaster.
Unit 2)) Over Populationالزيادة السكانية
We are going through the biggest population boom the world has ever known. It will probably peak at around 9–10 billion in about 2070. Meanwhile, population growth is likely to slow down in the 2020s. In fact, the rate of growth has already started falling in many parts of the world.
Economic and educational factors are the main reasons for the slow-down. If parents have fewer children, they can give them a better education, which is a quick route to a better life. Many modern mothers are also considering themselves when they have smaller families. They often want to spend more time on their careers and less time with their children. Modern birth control gives today’s parents choices. Generally, they choose (or are choosing) to have smaller families.
Although population growth will slow and then stop, we still have to prepare for the problems of a much larger population. This will put
great demands on natural resources and stresses on the environment.
We will have to decide between two very different courses of action. We can either continue to compete for resources in the old way, or
else we can learn to work together for a better future.
Unit 3: Recycling: إعادة التدوير و طرق التخلص من الفضلات
The old methods of waste disposal cannot be used today. Waste was usually dumped or burned, either on land or at sea. The problem was that this method caused air, ground and water pollution. Since then, landfill has become expensive because landfill sites have to be carefully constructed to prevent pollution. In addition, it is difficult to find enough sites to fill with waste.
Recycling is a much better alternative to the traditional methods of waste disposal. First of all, it reduces disposal costs. Secondly, it saves the producer money and limits price rises. Thirdly, It creates a lot of jobs. Finally, there is a further benefit of recycling: it is good for the environment.
Unit 4: و مثال عليها مشروع السد الغالي في مصر عيوب و مزايا المشاريع الضخمة
Although every major project is expected to bring positive benefits, there are also always some problems or negative side effects, some of which may be expected and some perhaps unexpected. A good example of this is the Aswan Dam project.
In the case of Aswan, the project brought Egypt a large number of important benefits. First, it allowed large-scale irrigation and the development of much new farmland. Secondly, it produced half the country’s electricity and brought electric power to many areas for the first time. Finally, it prevented destructive floods and disastrous droughts.
Unfortunately, though, the Aswan High Dam also created some problems. One problem is that the dam holds back fertile sediments, so farmers have to buy fertilisers. Moreover, these sediments no longer reach the coast, so natural flood defences are weakened, and the fishing industry has collapsed because rich sediments no longer reach the sea. In addition, 90,000 people had to leave their homes and farms when the dam was built, and some archaeological remains were flooded by the lake.
It is very important for planners to make sure that a project’s benefits are greater than its problems. Sometimes the problems are greater than the benefits, and this can lead to a disaster, such as the Lake Hula project. However, in the case of Aswan, on balance, the benefits have been greater than the problems, although there have been many of both.
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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
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Unit 1 Oil Black Gold
موضوع عن البترول اهميته و موارد الطاقة الجديدة
Oil has become much more expensive because the global supply of oil can hardly keep up with demand.
Americans are the world’s biggest oil users, but demand is rising rapidly everywhere else, especially in the industrialising economies. When American oil production started falling in 1970, the country began importing much more. However, when global oil production starts falling in the future, the world will not be able to turn to other new oil sources.
Although experts disagree on when exactly worldwide production will start declining, this and an explosion in the price of oil will probably come soon. Many scientists are working on new energy technologies in order to provide energy sources that are clean and can also fill the energy gap.
These new sources of energy are not yet ready though, so it is very important for us to stop wasting oil unnecessarily. This will require difficult changes, but without them, the world might face an economic and social disaster.
Unit 2)) Over Populationالزيادة السكانية
We are going through the biggest population boom the world has ever known. It will probably peak at around 9–10 billion in about 2070. Meanwhile, population growth is likely to slow down in the 2020s. In fact, the rate of growth has already started falling in many parts of the world.
Economic and educational factors are the main reasons for the slow-down. If parents have fewer children, they can give them a better education, which is a quick route to a better life. Many modern mothers are also considering themselves when they have smaller families. They often want to spend more time on their careers and less time with their children. Modern birth control gives today’s parents choices. Generally, they choose (or are choosing) to have smaller families.
Although population growth will slow and then stop, we still have to prepare for the problems of a much larger population. This will put
great demands on natural resources and stresses on the environment.
We will have to decide between two very different courses of action. We can either continue to compete for resources in the old way, or
else we can learn to work together for a better future.
Unit 3: Recycling: إعادة التدوير و طرق التخلص من الفضلات
The old methods of waste disposal cannot be used today. Waste was usually dumped or burned, either on land or at sea. The problem was that this method caused air, ground and water pollution. Since then, landfill has become expensive because landfill sites have to be carefully constructed to prevent pollution. In addition, it is difficult to find enough sites to fill with waste.
Recycling is a much better alternative to the traditional methods of waste disposal. First of all, it reduces disposal costs. Secondly, it saves the producer money and limits price rises. Thirdly, It creates a lot of jobs. Finally, there is a further benefit of recycling: it is good for the environment.
Unit 4: و مثال عليها مشروع السد الغالي في مصر عيوب و مزايا المشاريع الضخمة
Although every major project is expected to bring positive benefits, there are also always some problems or negative side effects, some of which may be expected and some perhaps unexpected. A good example of this is the Aswan Dam project.
In the case of Aswan, the project brought Egypt a large number of important benefits. First, it allowed large-scale irrigation and the development of much new farmland. Secondly, it produced half the country’s electricity and brought electric power to many areas for the first time. Finally, it prevented destructive floods and disastrous droughts.
Unfortunately, though, the Aswan High Dam also created some problems. One problem is that the dam holds back fertile sediments, so farmers have to buy fertilisers. Moreover, these sediments no longer reach the coast, so natural flood defences are weakened, and the fishing industry has collapsed because rich sediments no longer reach the sea. In addition, 90,000 people had to leave their homes and farms when the dam was built, and some archaeological remains were flooded by the lake.
It is very important for planners to make sure that a project’s benefits are greater than its problems. Sometimes the problems are greater than the benefits, and this can lead to a disaster, such as the Lake Hula project. However, in the case of Aswan, on balance, the benefits have been greater than the problems, although there have been many of both.
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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Unit 7 Stress
Unit 7 Stress
Stress is the normal human reaction to change. Stress can be either positive or negative. Negative stress can produce effects of worry, fear, panic and failure, whereas positive stress can lead to more active concentration and help us deal with change, feel alive and fight boredom
There are many causes of stress, and stress also has many effects. Stressors can include everything from the death of a husband or wife to holiday festivals.
Signs of stress include emotional signs such as anger over small things, mental signs like loss of concentration, physical signs such as anxiety attacks, and signs of strange behaviour, for example, crying for no reason.
It is possible to control or even get rid of stress in several ways. First, people must accept that they are stressed and understand the causes and effects. Then
they can use different types of stress control. They can do this in daily life by, for instance, getting regular exercise. Another type of stress control is through personal contact, such as discussion of problems with friends. One can also fight stress by thinking clearly, for example, deciding what is most
important and reducing other tasks. Finally, stress disappears naturally when something new and difficult in life becomes normal.
Unit 8 Globalisation العولمة
Globalisation takes a number of forms and it has many effects on us all. Forms of globalisation include globalised manufacturing, fast global transport and cheap global telecommunications. Globalisation brings us many benefits, but there are negative effects too. As a result of globalised manufacturing, cheap goods come from the Far East and destroy manufacturing in regions with higher costs. In an
attempt to compete, some high-cost manufacturers move their operations to regions with lower costs.
Both these changes cause unemployment and social problems. Importing countries may react with protectionism in order to protect their industries. However, free trade always beats protectionism in the end because it offers consumers the widest choice at the best prices.
Multinational companies are starting to become truly multinational and to provide new opportunities around the world. In the first stage of globalisation, companies manufactured and kept control in their home countries and sold abroad. In the second stage, they started manufacturing abroad, but control was kept at head office. Finally, companies are now moving control away from head office. As a result of this third stage, power is moving to more places
around the world, and staff are becoming more mixed and non-western.
The fast-changing world of work means many new challenges for young people now starting their careers. Because of changing technology and business needs, there will be a need for life-long learning. Employees can expect to work in different countries during their career, and perhaps work with people from many different countries and in more than one language.
Unit 9 اهم الشخصيات التي ساهمت في بناء فلسطين
In 1948, a million Palestinians were forced into a worldwide Diaspora. However, at that time, the Palestinian cause received little international
attention or understanding.
Then, in 1974, the national leader, Yassir Arafat, opened the way to a new Palestinian future. His speech at the United Nations showed the world that
the Palestinian cause could not be forgotten and that there could be a peaceful way forward. Also, many Palestinians understood the need to build bridges of
understanding between Palestine and the world, which would one day help to create a free Palestine.
The Palestinian, Edward Saeed, was a great leader of this development in the USA. He argued for freedom, equality and justice in general and the future of Palestine in particular, and he spoke against negative western views of Oriental cultures. He communicated his ideas in seventeen books and through his lectures at over 200 universities.
Another Palestinian, Professor Hisham Sharabi, also did a great deal to build new understanding in America. He worked all his life to improve western understanding of Arab and Palestinian issues. He wrote books and newspaper articles, edited a journal, spoke on TV, and founded several institutions.
Although these great men did not live to see the end of the Diaspora, their work is being continued by others who are following the aims of Saeed and Sharabi in many fields.
Unit 7 Stress
Stress is the normal human reaction to change. Stress can be either positive or negative. Negative stress can produce effects of worry, fear, panic and failure, whereas positive stress can lead to more active concentration and help us deal with change, feel alive and fight boredom
There are many causes of stress, and stress also has many effects. Stressors can include everything from the death of a husband or wife to holiday festivals.
Signs of stress include emotional signs such as anger over small things, mental signs like loss of concentration, physical signs such as anxiety attacks, and signs of strange behaviour, for example, crying for no reason.
It is possible to control or even get rid of stress in several ways. First, people must accept that they are stressed and understand the causes and effects. Then
they can use different types of stress control. They can do this in daily life by, for instance, getting regular exercise. Another type of stress control is through personal contact, such as discussion of problems with friends. One can also fight stress by thinking clearly, for example, deciding what is most
important and reducing other tasks. Finally, stress disappears naturally when something new and difficult in life becomes normal.
Unit 8 Globalisation العولمة
Globalisation takes a number of forms and it has many effects on us all. Forms of globalisation include globalised manufacturing, fast global transport and cheap global telecommunications. Globalisation brings us many benefits, but there are negative effects too. As a result of globalised manufacturing, cheap goods come from the Far East and destroy manufacturing in regions with higher costs. In an
attempt to compete, some high-cost manufacturers move their operations to regions with lower costs.
Both these changes cause unemployment and social problems. Importing countries may react with protectionism in order to protect their industries. However, free trade always beats protectionism in the end because it offers consumers the widest choice at the best prices.
Multinational companies are starting to become truly multinational and to provide new opportunities around the world. In the first stage of globalisation, companies manufactured and kept control in their home countries and sold abroad. In the second stage, they started manufacturing abroad, but control was kept at head office. Finally, companies are now moving control away from head office. As a result of this third stage, power is moving to more places
around the world, and staff are becoming more mixed and non-western.
The fast-changing world of work means many new challenges for young people now starting their careers. Because of changing technology and business needs, there will be a need for life-long learning. Employees can expect to work in different countries during their career, and perhaps work with people from many different countries and in more than one language.
Unit 9 اهم الشخصيات التي ساهمت في بناء فلسطين
In 1948, a million Palestinians were forced into a worldwide Diaspora. However, at that time, the Palestinian cause received little international
attention or understanding.
Then, in 1974, the national leader, Yassir Arafat, opened the way to a new Palestinian future. His speech at the United Nations showed the world that
the Palestinian cause could not be forgotten and that there could be a peaceful way forward. Also, many Palestinians understood the need to build bridges of
understanding between Palestine and the world, which would one day help to create a free Palestine.
The Palestinian, Edward Saeed, was a great leader of this development in the USA. He argued for freedom, equality and justice in general and the future of Palestine in particular, and he spoke against negative western views of Oriental cultures. He communicated his ideas in seventeen books and through his lectures at over 200 universities.
Another Palestinian, Professor Hisham Sharabi, also did a great deal to build new understanding in America. He worked all his life to improve western understanding of Arab and Palestinian issues. He wrote books and newspaper articles, edited a journal, spoke on TV, and founded several institutions.
Although these great men did not live to see the end of the Diaspora, their work is being continued by others who are following the aims of Saeed and Sharabi in many fields.
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